March 27th, 2010 
My Health 
I have a final coming up and i need the answers to these questions, i pretty much just need to memorize them and ill be good. so if u know the answer to one it’ll be much appreciated. 10 points goes to the person that answers the most of the questions::
1.What are the main driving forces for microevolutionary change in a population
2. What are factors that can cause genetic drift? Give examples of organisms that have undergone genetic drift.
3. What is gene flow?
4. What are the different types of selection?
5. How could you distinguish individuals that had undergone diversifying selection?
6. What is relative fitness? What would increase the relative fitness of an individual?
7. What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?
8. What is intrasexual selection? Give an example of how these organisms might look.
9. What is intersexual selection? Give an example of how these organisms might look
10. What are some tactics lizards might use in mating?
11. What are the different types of mate guarding?
12. What is interesting about the way dragonflies mate?
13. What is sperm competition?
14. What is the definition of a population?
15. Can mutation drive evolution?
16. What are prions?
17. What make prions lethal?
18. Are most infectious agents killers?
19. How can you tell the difference between a gram negative and gram positive bacteria?
20. What are some of the most concerning infectious diseases that currently exist?
21. From an infection stand point what is worse, a virus or bacteria?
22. Understand hardy-weinberg equilibrium. Below are practice questions. I have posted the answers to these questions separately on blackboard. Please try these questions without looking at answers since this is something you need to know how to do.
POPULATION GENETICS AND THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow scientists to determine whether evolution has occurred. Any changes in the gene frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The law essentially states that if no evolution is occurring, then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals. In order for equilibrium to remain in effect (i.e. that no evolution is occurring) then the following five conditions must be met:
1.No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population.
2.No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of, the population).
3.Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance)
4.The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random chance) can cause the allele frequencies to change.
5.No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected for, or against.
Obviously, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist in real life. Some or all of these types of forces all act on living populations at various times and evolution at some level occurs in all living organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow us to detect some allele frequencies that change from generation to generation, thus allowing a simplified method of determining that evolution is occurring. There are two formulas that must be memorized:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and p + q = 1
p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
p2 = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
q2 = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals
PROBLEM #1.
You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following:
A.The frequency of the “aa” genotype.
B.The frequency of the “a” allele.
C.The frequency of the “A” allele.
D.The frequencies of the genotypes “AA” and “Aa.”
E.The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if “A” is completely dominant over “a.”
2.PROBLEM #2.
Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these “partially defective” red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are
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haha yea right. google it.
well # 3 is In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another. Sorry don’t have time to look up ur questions i just kno that 1.