Posts Tagged ‘study’

help with my Fitness case study.?


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ok so in fitness class we have this paper, we need to make changes to these peoples diets and life styles, and good workout programs . here is the thing.I NEED HELP

Jen is a 34 year old clothing salesperson and the mother of three children ages 14,11 and 8. being in retail, her work hours vary from day to day. she works either from 8:00am to 4pm or from 12pm to 8pm. Jen is 5’5″ and weight 140 pounds. Much of her leisure time is spent with her children and their activities. She prepares an evening family meal when she is not working (they are Vegetarian) and plans a meal for her husband to prepare when she is working. Kim has attempted to establish a regular exercise routine in the past but has found little success. Her exercise bike and thigh master are rarely used.

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A LOT of biology questions for my study guide..?

I have a final coming up and i need the answers to these questions, i pretty much just need to memorize them and ill be good. so if u know the answer to one it’ll be much appreciated. 10 points goes to the person that answers the most of the questions::

1.What are the main driving forces for microevolutionary change in a population
2. What are factors that can cause genetic drift? Give examples of organisms that have undergone genetic drift.

3. What is gene flow?

4. What are the different types of selection?

5. How could you distinguish individuals that had undergone diversifying selection?

6. What is relative fitness? What would increase the relative fitness of an individual?

7. What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

8. What is intrasexual selection? Give an example of how these organisms might look.

9. What is intersexual selection? Give an example of how these organisms might look

10. What are some tactics lizards might use in mating?

11. What are the different types of mate guarding?

12. What is interesting about the way dragonflies mate?

13. What is sperm competition?

14. What is the definition of a population?

15. Can mutation drive evolution?

16. What are prions?

17. What make prions lethal?

18. Are most infectious agents killers?

19. How can you tell the difference between a gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

20. What are some of the most concerning infectious diseases that currently exist?

21. From an infection stand point what is worse, a virus or bacteria?

22. Understand hardy-weinberg equilibrium. Below are practice questions. I have posted the answers to these questions separately on blackboard. Please try these questions without looking at answers since this is something you need to know how to do.
POPULATION GENETICS AND THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow scientists to determine whether evolution has occurred. Any changes in the gene frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The law essentially states that if no evolution is occurring, then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals. In order for equilibrium to remain in effect (i.e. that no evolution is occurring) then the following five conditions must be met:
1.No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population.
2.No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of, the population).
3.Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance)
4.The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random chance) can cause the allele frequencies to change.
5.No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected for, or against.
Obviously, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist in real life. Some or all of these types of forces all act on living populations at various times and evolution at some level occurs in all living organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow us to detect some allele frequencies that change from generation to generation, thus allowing a simplified method of determining that evolution is occurring. There are two formulas that must be memorized:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and p + q = 1
p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
p2 = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
q2 = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals

PROBLEM #1.
You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following:
A.The frequency of the “aa” genotype.
B.The frequency of the “a” allele.
C.The frequency of the “A” allele.
D.The frequencies of the genotypes “AA” and “Aa.”
E.The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if “A” is completely dominant over “a.”

2.PROBLEM #2.
Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these “partially defective” red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are

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Organics Foods: The Facts Revealed By A Recent Study.

A world-wide awareness of health issues have resulted in more and more people deciding to go organic especially in terms of the food choices they make when they go grocery shopping for their families. For most people this move is the result of a belief that organic food contributes more to one’s health because of increased nutrients. There are many who have also made the switch because of the better taste they believe organic foods have.

Aided by this move and perception, the organic industry last year grew by a whopping 18% in the US alone. Coming on the heels of these ‘positive’ developments for the organic industry is the latest study conducted in the UK. This study, commissioned by UK’s FSA (Food Standard Agency) was led by Dr. Alan Dangour, (who is a Public Health Nutritionist) and a team of experts from the well-known London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

The study took into consideration and examined data that has been compiled over the past 50 years. The results have rocked the world, especially the organic industries and all the consumers who’ve been forking out more money to pay for what they believe are healthier products. The findings of the research study revealed that vegetables and fruits, as well as dairy products obtained from cattle that are organic-food fed bring no additional nutritional value to humans than their industrially produced counterparts.

Before you take this at face value though, it’s important to note that Dr. Alan Dangour is a nutritionist and therefore restricted his study to the nutritional aspect which does not take into consideration the effects of pesticides and insecticides which are ever present in regularly grown or processed food products.

The study revealed that there are minimal nutrient differences between organically grown and chemically grown fruits, vegetables and other processed food products including dairy and meat items. So minimal are these differences that Dr. Alan Dangour believes they’re practically irrelevant.

Though a whopping 52,000 scientific papers were looked at in the course of the study, only 162 of them were said to be relevant to the study and that number went further down to 55 as the experts continued to search out those papers that met their quality standards.

The organic industry along with The Soil Association, obviously aren’t pleased with this study and its results which they believe hasn’t taken into consideration some important factors. Dr. Dangour said that the impact of pesticides and insecticides might be the next area to be studied though there are no concrete plans for such a research as yet.

This, however, isn’t the last word on the issue so consumers will have to keep watching and waiting. A second study in this area is now being awaited. This study led by Carlo Leifert, of Brussels is set to be published this very year. Leifert is a professor in the field of Ecological Farming and is currently employed at Newcastle University.

In response to Dr. Dangour’s study Professor Liefert has revealed that his study has found organic foods to be richer in antioxidants which he points out are helpful in combating heart disease and cancer.

Looking beyond the nutritional benefits, of organic food, consumers and researchers alike will be able to appreciate the benefits that organic farming has on the environment.

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Citing ISER Study, Murkowski Says Democrats Health Care Bill Would Be Poor Fit for Alaska


Citing a University of Alaska Anchorage analysis of the Democrats health care bill in the Senate Sen. Murkowski said today that nearly 28000 Alaskans would see their health care premiums rise under the Democrats health care proposal now under debate on the Senate floor.

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A Study On The Natural Remedies For Your Common Health Problems

Let take a look on what conventional medicine has to offer, suppose you are sick and suffered from migraine headaches. Every time when you approach your physicians, they will certainly be helpful by giving you a diagnosis of your condition. Most likely, you’ll also walk out of the physician’s office with a prescription medications like Maxalt, Imitrex, and the other “triptan-class” formulations that help you relieve the pain. The prescription medications may not work well for you, what worse some has side effects that make you just as unpleasant as having the headache. So do you have another choice of treatment?


The answer is definitely YES, perhaps it is time for you to consider trying a natural remedy. What is natural remedy? Natural Remedy is a form of unconventional medicine or alternative medicine, which is not inside the “mainstream” of Western health care. Natural remedy has been practiced in ancient civilizations for many, many years. The healers today still collect herbs, roots, plants, minerals, and other naturally-occurring substances to relieve pain, to prevent illness and even cure some diseases. On top of this, Natural Remedy also includes acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, acupressure and biofeedback.


Are Natural Remedies Safe?


This depends on the skill of the healers that prepares or administers it and the natural of herbal substances used. The herbal substances usually used by healers are not regulated by the FDA, and healers of the art are not licensed, no qualification or held to particular standards of practice. Most healers learn their skill by word of mouth, demonstration and well-researched books on the herbal substances.


If you follow the FDA, natural remedies or herbal substances should never be apply on serious diseases and conditions, especially if the diseases exit for a period of time. It is also must be careful when used to treat children, by nursing or pregnant mothers, or with pets. It is very important that you inform your doctors if you are using herbal substances because they may negatively interact with laboratory tests and prescription medications. If you develop unusual side effects while using nature herbal substances, stop taking them and inform your doctor.


All herbal substances should be purchased from a good reputation stores or well-known sources. Likewise, for acupuncture it should be provided by a licensed doctor, legitimate expert by the professional references from exiting patient or who can prove his or her success through personal.


Before you are using any herbal substance, do some study and ask what it contains and probably know how the ingredients work. Be especially careful when using tinctures, as it contain alcohol. So patients who have problems on chemical dependency should avoid using tinctures to treat.


It is highly not recommended to use the natural remedies for self-treating without consult an expert, doctor or done your homework. Many trustworthy companies provide instruction, CD and consultation about how to safely use their herbs products. It is beneficial for you if you can read some book on herbal medicine and natural remedies, as some of these herbs, plants and berries may be poisonous when consumed it. If you have horrible side effects from any of these forms of alternative medicine, you need to stop it and consult your doctors.


Many Useful Herbs Aid in Healing Process


Let take a look on some of this useful nature herbs that the healers always use for some treatments.


Ginger

It is being used for against vomiting, nausea, and quieting irritated bowels. It is also well know as a highly touted herb for muscle and joint pain relief, and Aid in relief the pain of migraine headaches. Please take note when using ginger, if you already suffer from high blood pressure or hypertension, you should consult the doctor first as the nature of ginger also tends to raise blood pressure.


Aloe Vera plant

This is a unique plant from Africa, it has 25 pointed leaves on its body, each leaves containing a gel, which has been well known to aid in healing abrasions, burns and cuts. It is considered one of the best nature herbal for healing.


Ginkgo Biloba

Many study reported that Ginkgo Biloba has help to ease breast soreness and mood swings during episodes of PMS. It also has benefits of increasing memory, improving libido and working to treat erectile dysfunction. Ginkgo Biloba is often used as a natural healing remedy by healers.


Dandelion

It is a wonderful herb for your liver. If your hormones are imbalance, then your liver is over stress, and dandelion root will be beneficial for this.


Kava

This Plant is from the south Pacific. It is a member of the peppercorn family and is highly regarded as a mood enhancer. It has been found to aid in anxiety and fatigue and produce a positive feeling bordering on intoxication.


Ginseng

It strengthens the adrenal glands, increases energy, enhances immune function, and normalizes blood pressure. It is useful for symptoms of both physical fatigue and mental. Avoid it if you have very high hypertension (over 180/100).


Is Time To Study And Make Use Of Nature Herbs


Many of us are fed up with risky, costly and ineffective conventional medicine.


More and more people made more visits to alternative practitioners than to primary care physicians. Furthermore, preventing disease is less costly than curing. Many of us can’t afford the conventional medical system anymore. We need a new healing paradigm, which promotes health rather than curing disease.

Cindy Heller is a professional writer. Visit Home Natural Remedy more than 30 specific remedies, including natural remedy for rheumatoid arthritis and other natural remedy for high cholesterol.

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