Jen is a 34 year old clothing salesperson and the mother of three children ages 14,11 and 8. being in retail, her work hours vary from day to day. she works either from 8:00am to 4pm or from 12pm to 8pm. Jen is 5’5″ and weight 140 pounds. Much of her leisure time is spent with her children and their activities. She prepares an evening family meal when she is not working (they are Vegetarian) and plans a meal for her husband to prepare when she is working. Kim has attempted to establish a regular exercise routine in the past but has found little success. Her exercise bike and thigh master are rarely used.

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help with my Fitness case study.?

1.What are the main driving forces for microevolutionary change in a population
2. What are factors that can cause genetic drift? Give examples of organisms that have undergone genetic drift.

3. What is gene flow?

4. What are the different types of selection?

5. How could you distinguish individuals that had undergone diversifying selection?

6. What is relative fitness? What would increase the relative fitness of an individual?

7. What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

8. What is intrasexual selection? Give an example of how these organisms might look.

9. What is intersexual selection? Give an example of how these organisms might look

10. What are some tactics lizards might use in mating?

11. What are the different types of mate guarding?

12. What is interesting about the way dragonflies mate?

13. What is sperm competition?

14. What is the definition of a population?

15. Can mutation drive evolution?

16. What are prions?

17. What make prions lethal?

18. Are most infectious agents killers?

19. How can you tell the difference between a gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

20. What are some of the most concerning infectious diseases that currently exist?

21. From an infection stand point what is worse, a virus or bacteria?

22. Understand hardy-weinberg equilibrium. Below are practice questions. I have posted the answers to these questions separately on blackboard. Please try these questions without looking at answers since this is something you need to know how to do.
POPULATION GENETICS AND THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow scientists to determine whether evolution has occurred. Any changes in the gene frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The law essentially states that if no evolution is occurring, then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals. In order for equilibrium to remain in effect (i.e. that no evolution is occurring) then the following five conditions must be met:
1.No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population.
2.No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of, the population).
3.Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance)
4.The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random chance) can cause the allele frequencies to change.
5.No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected for, or against.
Obviously, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist in real life. Some or all of these types of forces all act on living populations at various times and evolution at some level occurs in all living organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow us to detect some allele frequencies that change from generation to generation, thus allowing a simplified method of determining that evolution is occurring. There are two formulas that must be memorized:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 and p + q = 1
p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
p2 = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
q2 = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals

PROBLEM #1.
You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following:
A.The frequency of the “aa” genotype.
B.The frequency of the “a” allele.
C.The frequency of the “A” allele.
D.The frequencies of the genotypes “AA” and “Aa.”
E.The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if “A” is completely dominant over “a.”

2.PROBLEM #2.
Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these “partially defective” red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are

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A LOT of biology questions for my study guide..?

A world-wide awareness of health issues have resulted in more and more people deciding to go organic especially in terms of the food choices they make when they go grocery shopping for their families. For most people this move is the result of a belief that organic food contributes more to one’s health because of increased nutrients. There are many who have also made the switch because of the better taste they believe organic foods have.

Aided by this move and perception, the organic industry last year grew by a whopping 18% in the US alone. Coming on the heels of these ‘positive’ developments for the organic industry is the latest study conducted in the UK. This study, commissioned by UK’s FSA (Food Standard Agency) was led by Dr. Alan Dangour, (who is a Public Health Nutritionist) and a team of experts from the well-known London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

The study took into consideration and examined data that has been compiled over the past 50 years. The results have rocked the world, especially the organic industries and all the consumers who’ve been forking out more money to pay for what they believe are healthier products. The findings of the research study revealed that vegetables and fruits, as well as dairy products obtained from cattle that are organic-food fed bring no additional nutritional value to humans than their industrially produced counterparts.

Before you take this at face value though, it’s important to note that Dr. Alan Dangour is a nutritionist and therefore restricted his study to the nutritional aspect which does not take into consideration the effects of pesticides and insecticides which are ever present in regularly grown or processed food products.

The study revealed that there are minimal nutrient differences between organically grown and chemically grown fruits, vegetables and other processed food products including dairy and meat items. So minimal are these differences that Dr. Alan Dangour believes they’re practically irrelevant.

Though a whopping 52,000 scientific papers were looked at in the course of the study, only 162 of them were said to be relevant to the study and that number went further down to 55 as the experts continued to search out those papers that met their quality standards.

The organic industry along with The Soil Association, obviously aren’t pleased with this study and its results which they believe hasn’t taken into consideration some important factors. Dr. Dangour said that the impact of pesticides and insecticides might be the next area to be studied though there are no concrete plans for such a research as yet.

This, however, isn’t the last word on the issue so consumers will have to keep watching and waiting. A second study in this area is now being awaited. This study led by Carlo Leifert, of Brussels is set to be published this very year. Leifert is a professor in the field of Ecological Farming and is currently employed at Newcastle University.

In response to Dr. Dangour’s study Professor Liefert has revealed that his study has found organic foods to be richer in antioxidants which he points out are helpful in combating heart disease and cancer.

Looking beyond the nutritional benefits, of organic food, consumers and researchers alike will be able to appreciate the benefits that organic farming has on the environment.

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Organics Foods: The Facts Revealed By A Recent Study.

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Citing ISER Study, Murkowski Says Democrats Health Care Bill Would Be Poor Fit for Alaska

The answer is definitely YES, perhaps it is time for you to consider trying a natural remedy. What is natural remedy? Natural Remedy is a form of unconventional medicine or alternative medicine, which is not inside the “mainstream” of Western health care. Natural remedy has been practiced in ancient civilizations for many, many years. The healers today still collect herbs, roots, plants, minerals, and other naturally-occurring substances to relieve pain, to prevent illness and even cure some diseases. On top of this, Natural Remedy also includes acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, acupressure and biofeedback.

Are Natural Remedies Safe?

This depends on the skill of the healers that prepares or administers it and the natural of herbal substances used. The herbal substances usually used by healers are not regulated by the FDA, and healers of the art are not licensed, no qualification or held to particular standards of practice. Most healers learn their skill by word of mouth, demonstration and well-researched books on the herbal substances.

If you follow the FDA, natural remedies or herbal substances should never be apply on serious diseases and conditions, especially if the diseases exit for a period of time. It is also must be careful when used to treat children, by nursing or pregnant mothers, or with pets. It is very important that you inform your doctors if you are using herbal substances because they may negatively interact with laboratory tests and prescription medications. If you develop unusual side effects while using nature herbal substances, stop taking them and inform your doctor.

All herbal substances should be purchased from a good reputation stores or well-known sources. Likewise, for acupuncture it should be provided by a licensed doctor, legitimate expert by the professional references from exiting patient or who can prove his or her success through personal.

Before you are using any herbal substance, do some study and ask what it contains and probably know how the ingredients work. Be especially careful when using tinctures, as it contain alcohol. So patients who have problems on chemical dependency should avoid using tinctures to treat.

It is highly not recommended to use the natural remedies for self-treating without consult an expert, doctor or done your homework. Many trustworthy companies provide instruction, CD and consultation about how to safely use their herbs products. It is beneficial for you if you can read some book on herbal medicine and natural remedies, as some of these herbs, plants and berries may be poisonous when consumed it. If you have horrible side effects from any of these forms of alternative medicine, you need to stop it and consult your doctors.

Many Useful Herbs Aid in Healing Process

Let take a look on some of this useful nature herbs that the healers always use for some treatments.

Ginger

It is being used for against vomiting, nausea, and quieting irritated bowels. It is also well know as a highly touted herb for muscle and joint pain relief, and Aid in relief the pain of migraine headaches. Please take note when using ginger, if you already suffer from high blood pressure or hypertension, you should consult the doctor first as the nature of ginger also tends to raise blood pressure.

Aloe Vera plant

This is a unique plant from Africa, it has 25 pointed leaves on its body, each leaves containing a gel, which has been well known to aid in healing abrasions, burns and cuts. It is considered one of the best nature herbal for healing.

Ginkgo Biloba

Many study reported that Ginkgo Biloba has help to ease breast soreness and mood swings during episodes of PMS. It also has benefits of increasing memory, improving libido and working to treat erectile dysfunction. Ginkgo Biloba is often used as a natural healing remedy by healers.

Dandelion

It is a wonderful herb for your liver. If your hormones are imbalance, then your liver is over stress, and dandelion root will be beneficial for this.

Kava

This Plant is from the south Pacific. It is a member of the peppercorn family and is highly regarded as a mood enhancer. It has been found to aid in anxiety and fatigue and produce a positive feeling bordering on intoxication.

Ginseng

It strengthens the adrenal glands, increases energy, enhances immune function, and normalizes blood pressure. It is useful for symptoms of both physical fatigue and mental. Avoid it if you have very high hypertension (over 180/100).

Is Time To Study And Make Use Of Nature Herbs

Many of us are fed up with risky, costly and ineffective conventional medicine.

More and more people made more visits to alternative practitioners than to primary care physicians. Furthermore, preventing disease is less costly than curing. Many of us can’t afford the conventional medical system anymore. We need a new healing paradigm, which promotes health rather than curing disease.

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A Study On The Natural Remedies For Your Common Health Problems

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
SECTION 1. Notwithstanding any general or special law to the contrary, the department of public health, in conjunction with the department of environmental protection, the division of occupational safety and the board of building regulations and standards, shall convene a task force to study the health effects of toxic mold and to recommend methods to protect the public from unsafe indoor exposure to toxic mold. The task force’s study shall include, but not be limited to, the following areas:

(a) current research, studies and findings regarding toxic molds and the health effects thereof, including but not limited to information available from the environmental protection agency and the centers for disease control; (b) current recommendations, based on scientific studies, regarding safe indoor exposure limits to toxic molds, including but not limited the recommendations put forth by
the environmental protection agency and the centers for disease control;

(c) potential alternative safe exposure limits for certain facilities, including but not limited to schools, hospitals, child care facilities and nursing homes; (d) other states efforts to address the health effects of toxic mold, including regulations and pending legislation; and (e) standards for safe indoor exposure limits and draft regulations for the establishment and enforcement of safe indoor exposure limits to toxic mold in public and private buildings in Massachusetts, including private residences.

SECTION 2. The task force shall consist of up to two representatives from each of the following offices: the department of public health, one of whom shall be from the bureau of environmental health assessment, the
department of environmental protection, the division of occupational safety, and the board of building regulations and standards;six members of the legislature, two to be appointed by the president of the senate, two to be appointed by the speaker of the house of representatives, one to be appointed by the minority leader of the senate and one to be appointed by the minority leader of the house of representatives; and one community liaison to be appointed by the Governor.

The task force shall also include five representatives to be chosen from among the following groups: health experts, medical experts, mold abatement experts, and affected industries, including but not limited to forest products, real estate agents, and residential, commercial and industrial tenants, proprietors, landlords, insurers and builders. The task force may consult with other government agencies, both federal and state, as well as members of the scientific community and other consultants.

SECTION 3. The task force shall submit a report, including any draft standards and regulations or an explanation of why such standards and regulations were not found to be feasible, to the joint committee on public health and the joint committee on consumer protection and professional licensed
within six months following the passage of this act.

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An Act studying the health effects of toxic mold